(social work) compare developmental stages of Australian children to Essay

(social work) compare developmental stages of Australian children to Afganistan children - Essay Example These are traits, which are considered to be inborn temperaments. Other characteristics such as an individual feeling inferior, competent or someone being learned will depend on the support initiated to children by the grown ups. Erikson claims that an individual born with ego as behavior usually turns out to be defensive (Erikson, 1980, Pg, 7). He has documented 8 crucial steps that are necessary for the development of an individual, however this paper will look at two. The two steps are with reference to the development of children in Australia and those in Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran. It is clear that issues with the life of individuals especially children is normally influenced by culture on behavior and the environment that they are in. The external influence include depression and war which are likely to make children develop viewing the world from a different perspective (Welchman, 2000, Pg 34). The issues they interact with in the body such as the genetic biological programming, the psychological issues which are referred to as the mind and the cultural influences, will determine the development of these children from these regions. These establishments were initiated using two philosophies. The first issue is based on the world growing as people grow while the second one talks of the failure being in many people. The first development stage to be initiated is from the age of 3 to 5, which is referred to as the ego development stage. This is a stage where the child is always filled with the urge of having initiatives and strength copy the things that adults are doing (Aiken, 2002, Pg 80). They will create a playing situation that the children will find themselves engaged in. Under normal circumstances, the children will make up stories on about their toys and dolls, they will even come up with roles for them in

Cause and effects of going without sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cause and effects of going without sleep - Essay Example The inability to cope with stress results in emotional disturbances (such as anxiety, fear, and worry), overthinking, and restlessness preventing an individual from sleeping. Besides stress, other psychological factors that cause insomnia include psychological disorders (both personality and clinical mental disorders) and traumatic experiences (such as rape, close encounter with death or the death of a loved one). Conversely, insomnia might result from physiological complications. The brain is ultimately responsible for controlling sleep in human beings. The pre-optic area of the hypothalamus (anterior part) is the part of the brain that controls sleep. Therefore, damage to this area of the brain from accidents might cause insomnia. Other physiological factors that might cause insomnia include coronary diseases, cancer or respiratory diseases among others. Some medications used to treat diseases might affect regular sleep patterns among individuals. Finally, social factors that might contribute to insomnia include dysfunctional social interactions. For example, physically or verbally abusive relationships are a major cause of stress, which in turn affects different aspects of an individual’s life including sleep. The recreational use of some drugs and substances also affects the sleeping pattern. For example, caffeine found in coffee and Khat all cause insomnia (Brodsky & Brodsky 67) . In conclusion, the effects of insomnia are also explicable using a bio-psycho-social approach. Insomnia impairs optimum mental functioning. Fatigued individuals are highly irritable, which puts a strain on their social interactions. For example, they are prone to emotional outbursts and fits of rage both at home and at the workplace. In addition, insomnia impeded speedy recovery of sick individuals (Brodsky & Brodsky